The precise meaning of the Aramaic word is disputed, some saying that its usual meaning is "rock" or "crag", others saying that it means rather "stone" and, particularly in its application by Jesus to Simon, like a "jewel", but most scholars agree that as a proper name it denotes a rough or tough character. In translations of the Bible from the original Greek, his name is maintained as Cephas in 9 occurrences in the New Testament, whereas in the vast majority of mentions (156 occurrences in the New Testament) he is called Πέτρος ( Petros), from the Greek and Latin word for a rock or stone ( petra) to which the masculine ending was added, rendered into English as Peter. He was later given by Jesus the name Cephas, from Aramaic כֵּיפָא ( Kepha), literally meaning "rock" or "stone". The variation possibly reflects "the well-known custom among Jews at the time of giving the name of a famous patriarch or personage of the Old Testament to a male child along with a similar sounding Greek/Roman name ". In only two passages, his name is instead spelled " Simeon" ( Συμεών in Greek). The New Testament presents Peter's original name as Simon ( Σίμων Simōn, in Greek). The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew, 1603/1606, Caravaggio
Outside of the New Testament, several apocryphal books were later attributed to him, in particular the Acts of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching of Peter, Apocalypse of Peter, and Judgment of Peter, although scholars believe these works to be pseudoepigrapha. The New Testament also includes two general epistles, First Peter and Second Peter, that are traditionally attributed to him, but modern scholarship generally rejects the Petrine authorship of both. He is also mentioned, under either the name Peter or Cephas, in Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians and the Epistle to the Galatians. The Gospel of Mark in particular was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peter's preaching and eyewitness memories. He is the brother of Saint Andrew, and both brothers were fishermen. In the New Testament, Peter appears repeatedly and prominently in all four gospels as well as the Acts of the Apostles. According to Catholic teaching, Jesus promised Peter a special position in the Church. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a major saint and as the founder of the Church of Antioch and the Diocese of Rome, but differ in their attitudes regarding the authority of his successors. He is traditionally counted as the first bishop of Rome-or pope-and also by Eastern Christian tradition as the first patriarch of Antioch. Keys of Heaven, Red Martyr, pallium, papal vestments, rooster, man crucified upside down, vested as an Apostle, holding a book or scroll, Cross of Saint PeterĪccording to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero.
22 February: Chair of Saint Peter (Catholic Church)Īll Christian denominations that venerate saints.18 January: Confession of Saint Peter (Anglicanism).
Main feast: Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (with Paul the Apostle) 29 June ( Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, Lutheranism).
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